Where found:

• Inland up to 900 metres altitude.
• Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions but prefers deep, fertile, moist but well drained soils. Dislikes waterlogged and alkaline soils.
• Specimens on farms, parks, gardens or woodlots for timber production.
  

• Upright pyramidal stately tree. Ideal timber tree for cold conditions but very slow growing. Pruning can be avoided by close planting of seedlings, otherwise lower branches should be removed to produce a clear stem for timber production. Evergreen.
• Crowded, needle-like leaves 30-40 mm long. Blue green colour above, white banded underneath. New growth forms red/brown pointed shoots. Strong fruity fragrance.
• Yellow male strobili (pollen cones) grow on underside of shoot in spring. Pink female strobili develop into 50-80 mm hanging papery cones.
• Thick, grey, corky, deeply furrowed bark.
• Tolerant of wind, snow and moderate to high rainfall. Dislikes warm climates and is unsuitable to coastal conditions. Can suffer form damage due to wind exposure and although adult trees withstand severe frost, seedlings may require protection if planted in frost pockets.
• Rotation: 45 to 55 years.
• Wood properties: large amount of hardwood. Pale pink/brown heartwood, sapwood almost white. Not ground durable unless treated.
• Used for framing, structural beams, cladding.